As our society’s hunger for data grows—not only more data, but more data delivered faster—older modulation schemes based on NRZ-type encoding grow increasingly inadequate. We need to get data from ...

Many things change in the transition from good old baseband, logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling to 4-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM4): We get three eye diagrams instead of one, ...

Transmitter testing methods prior to TDECQ. Why TDECQ has overtaken TDP in PAM4 transmitter testing. Steps in the TDECQ measurement process. Using sampling oscilloscopes with built-in TDECQ.